Forum: F-16 Procedures

Climb performance



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STBYGAIN
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 01:09 AM Reply with quote Back to top
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hansundfranz wrote:
These numbers are for best climb speed measured in feet/second not for the most fuel efficient climb / flight profile and also not for the best total energy gain profile (potential energy = altitude and kinetic energy = speed changes).
Nevertherless interesting and thanks for digging them up.


If that's true someone needs to tell our Stan/Eval shop because we use the MIL flight profile for emergency divert (slowing to max range once at altitude of course).
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Raptor_One
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 01:15 AM Reply with quote Back to top
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STBYGAIN wrote:
hansundfranz wrote:
These numbers are for best climb speed measured in feet/second not for the most fuel efficient climb / flight profile and also not for the best total energy gain profile (potential energy = altitude and kinetic energy = speed changes).
Nevertherless interesting and thanks for digging them up.


If that's true someone needs to tell our Stan/Eval shop because we use the MIL flight profile for emergency divert (slowing to max range once at altitude of course).


LOL... YES! Vindicated! Very Happy
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Destro
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 03:24 AM Reply with quote Back to top
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Destro--

I know you aren't trying to be smart-a** about this nor is anyone else. I am a RW pilot and understand that the you can use an FMS or pencil and paper to calulate climb speeds for best fuel burn in any airplane. I presume that those in charge of paying for the gas in training missions and those trying to task combat aircraft at least try to be as economical as possible. I would appreciate it if one of the drivers or someone with actual experience chimed in here.

Raptorman's numbers for the sim are just that, a simulation. If he runs out of gas, he punches the ESC button and starts over.

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Doc-
Cool man, just trying to use a little CRM so things don't get sporty. RW huh? The -170 is a nice ride to be scooting around in. Later

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DocZ
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 03:37 AM Reply with quote Back to top
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Destro-

No problem. I'd take a C170 in a minute. ONe of the classic tailwheelers. Very Happy

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Velvet
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Doc,

By their nature, climbs are not fuel efficient. You have to burn gas or trade airspeed to do it. The LEAST INEFFICIENT climb is at Mil power at the speeds previously mentioned (depending on drag, an indicated A/S until a target mach number is reached). The fuel efficiency part comes in the cruise and (mostly) in the decent, when you get to trade that potential energy back into gliding distance. You will climb much faster in AB, but the rate of fuel burn is greater than the rate of climb increase.
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hansundfranz
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 11:20 AM Reply with quote Back to top
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STBYGAIN wrote:
hansundfranz wrote:
These numbers are for best climb speed measured in feet/second not for the most fuel efficient climb / flight profile and also not for the best total energy gain profile (potential energy = altitude and kinetic energy = speed changes).
Nevertherless interesting and thanks for digging them up.


If that's true someone needs to tell our Stan/Eval shop because we use the MIL flight profile for emergency divert (slowing to max range once at altitude of course).


I have a hard time believeing that it makes sense to climb at faster speed that what the optimal cruise speed at that altitude would be,

Yes using mil power is clear but I find it doubtful that it s really most fuel efficient to climb at

Drag Index (DI) = 0:
450 KIAS until Mach 0.88
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Guysmiley
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 05:48 PM Reply with quote Back to top
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You may have a hard time, but I'd try to open your mind to it, STBY knows of what he speaks.

This is an odd question. What is the most efficient throttle setting to power ratio for an F-16? Is time no object? Then I'm guessing the "most fuel efficient" climb rate is 0.000001 feet per minute...
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Raptor_One
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 06:49 PM Reply with quote Back to top
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Hans,

The profile you were talking about sounds like a mininum time to climb profile. Not actually sure if that's the same as the most fuel efficient climb profile to be honest.
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Guysmiley
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 07:47 PM Reply with quote Back to top
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Wouldn't minimum time to climb be full blower at 75 degrees of pitch? Smile
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hansundfranz
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 08:51 PM Reply with quote Back to top
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When talking about max perfoamcne climbs, this thread becomes useless without H-M diagrams

Quote:
The maximum energy-rate profile is constructed by connecting the
points of tangency between the PS contours and the lines of constant ES.
For the sample fighter at low altitudes this profile, labelled the "subsonic
path," differs little from that generated by the PS peaks. Only slightly faster
speeds result, yielding a climb profile of nearly constant Mach between
.92 M at sea level and 1.0 M at the climb ceiling of 51,000 ft. Above about
25,000 ft, however, this chart exhibits the characteristic double peaks of
the supersonic fighter. As the climb progresses to about 30,000 ft along the
subsonic climb path (ES = 44,000 ft), equal or greater climb rates are
available in the supersonic regime at the same energy level. Above this
level the faster "supersonic path" becomes the optimum energy-rate profile.
This situation becomes quite apparent at higher levels. If, for example,
the climb is continued along the subsonic path until it intersects the
ES = 60 KFT (i.e., 60,000 ft) line, climb rate will have dropped to about 50
ft/sec. At the same energy level along the supersonic path the corresponding
climb rate still exceeds 200 ft/sec.
Optimum climb techniques for this fighter are best demonstrated
through an example. Assume the aircraft is at point A (10 KFT, .6 M) and a
climb is to be made to point F (45 KFT, 1.75 M). Theoretically the optimum
climb profile would begin with a diving acceleration at constant energy
(i.e., parallel to the lines of constant Es) to intersect the subsonic path at
point B (1 KFT, .92 M). The climb would then be continued along the
subsonic path until the aircraft reached point C (about 30 KFT), at which
time another diving acceleration would be performed to reach the supersonic
path at point D (21 KFT, 1.17 M). The supersonic path would be
followed to point E (38 KFT, 1.88 M), which represents the final desired
energy state (ES = 90 KFT), and finally a constant-energy zoom climb
would be used to reach the goal at point F.


But we were not talking about best performace climbs (both with buster and and max AB) but about fuel efficienrt flight profiles.

Well as I said I dounbt that the military really focuses on that as tactical considerations are always more important then just saveing fuel
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hansundfranz
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 09:08 PM Reply with quote Back to top
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Guysmiley wrote:
You may have a hard time, but I'd try to open your mind to it, STBY knows of what he speaks.

This is an odd question. What is the most efficient throttle setting to power ratio for an F-16? Is time no object? Then I'm guessing the "most fuel efficient" climb rate is 0.000001 feet per minute...


That of course is horseshit. Climbing fairly fast is of course efficient as you need less fuel up high. Just how exatly you have to reach that goal is somewhat open. But fastest possible climb speed possibly requires to fast speeds for fuel economy negating the posetive effect of climbing faster.

We all know that fuel flow goes up as speed goes up and that fuel flow goes down as altitude goes up.

We also know that drag is not simply dependent on speed^2 as AOA plays a role, too.

Lets have an example:

Loadout 2 4 slammers 2 heaters 2 wing tanks, jammer.

Task: Fly to the Cap area 300 miles from homeplate conserving as much fuel as possible. to maximise your time on Station or the amount of fuel you can burn in combat.

What climb profile will you fly? At which speeds will you climb? How high will you go. How fast will you fly? How will your speed and altitude change as weight is gradually reduced?

On the way back you jettisoned your tanks and launched all your missilesm and most of your fuel is gone and you start of at angels 30 doing mach 0.9.

What profile will you fly to maximise the distance you can go (hopeing to catch a tanker or at least make it over blue country)

What happens of you have to do the same profile with a typical A2G loadout.
Say 2 500 pnd lgbs and and a sinle 2000 pnd JDAM + wingtanks 2 slammers 2 heaters jammer?

With that configuration (and no tactical considerations about speed as in the cap example) whats the cruise speed for best endurance (time in the air, not distance covered ber pnd of fuel)
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Guysmiley
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 09:36 PM Reply with quote Back to top
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hansundfranz wrote:
That of course is horseshit

Settle down hans. I was pointing out that this question is one giant set of variables.

Least fuel burned to get to a certain altitude, is that what you mean by efficient? Fine. Not originally specified, but an interesting question. As you point out, and as I pointed out, this isn't a simple question with a fixed answer.
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Destro
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Doc Z-

I'm not a viper driver, but a little birdy said to use 350 KCAS for a climb speed as a standard number. No level a 10K to accellerate, just 350 to the TOC. They do use a max endurance speed too that the computer calculates, an example of this would be when you come off a tanker and have 100mi of drive time to the bombing range. I guess there is a standard speed for the climb and a speed that changes for max endurance in cruise. Hope that answers your question.

Destro

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hansundfranz
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 09:57 PM Reply with quote Back to top
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The question is totally clear
What is meant by fuel efficient, is the least amount of fuel burned to reach a certain place.

In civil aviation this place is of course where you are going to land. In military aviation this place might be the place and altitude where tactical considerations take over.

It is not the least amount of fuel to reach a certin altitude, it has nothing to do with best endurance (which is defined as the least amount of fuel burned over time, not over distance).

Of course it is a complicated question that is affected by several factors. The plane you fly, weight, DI, and even the weather but no matter how you frame it climbing at 0,0001 ft/ min will never be fuel efficient.

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Raptor_One
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2006 - 10:16 PM Reply with quote Back to top
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Okay Hans.... I went back over the Block 25 -1 manual and found this comment relating to the MIL and MAX AB climb schedules that I posted data from. This is a quote from the manual:

Quote:

The climb airspeeds shown were selected to maintain maximum fuel efficiency while still providing near maximum rate of climb.


So the 1G Ps maximization charts which show the fastest climb profile do not necessarily reflect the most fuel efficient climb profile. The above quote bears this out. While most fuel efficient climb and fastest time to climb (either MIL or AB) may be similar, they are not the same.

Also, from a different section of the manual (Normal Procedures) we have the following statement:

Quote:

CLIMB

The recommended MIL climb schedule to obtain optimum performance for a clean aircraft is 450 knots to 0.88 mach; then maintain 0.88 mach.


One more thing I've found about the MAX AB climb schedules from which I quoted:

Quote:

MAX AB CLIMB

Figure A3-5, sheets 1 and 2, presents MAX AB climb data. The climb airspeed schedule given on sheet 1 will result in minimum time-to-climb to altitude at subsonic speeds. The climb airspeed schedule is in KTAS.


So the MIL climb schedules are the most fuel efficient while the max AB schedules are the fastest subsonic profiles. As you stated, many fighters will actually want to descend once reaching a certain altitude to get to a higher energy state as fast as possible and subsequently climb the rest of the way (to service or absolute ceiling) at maximum possible climb rate.

As for those 1G Ps charts for the HFFM (for the Falcon 4.0 simulation), I haven't had much time for that stuff recently. I'll look into it though. I need to brush up on my C++ skills and may translate the EM diagram program I made in Matlab into C++ to that end. Hope this answers your questions.

-Raptor
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