F-16 Reference
5th Gen Fighters
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LowObservable
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Posted: Jul 05, 2008 - 08:32 PM
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| Right on, Joe. The relationship among the Euro F-16 air forces, the USAF and Lockheed Martin has been a close and constructive one. They even got the MLU for virtually nothing - the US picked up most of the cost on the grounds that they were going to upgrade Guard and Reserve A/Bs, which they didn't. But there are two problems. One is the assumption that the F-35 relationship will be the same, and the other is a knee-jerk reaction: They don't want to look at alterrnatives, rather than asking how their experience could be used to develop a relationship with another partner. |
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Posted: Sep 06, 2008 - 3:49 AM
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elp
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Posted: Jul 06, 2008 - 04:07 AM
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Hi Aero,
Yeah some good points. Consider that the nice AESA in the F-35 will be able to jam only in it's effective arc of coverage and only in X-band. Great for a lot of threats and it shouldn't be minimized by me or anyone else that it would be useful. However that band limit and coverage limit.... (note the overly optimistic slides of the jet weaving through a layered IADS vs. rolling it back. ). Right now some are saying that AESAs ability to jam still has to be proven in the area of workload of the equipment and cooling. (example F-22). Note also that the major rebuild that allows the Block II Super Hornet to work is engine assisted cooling appliances. Then too you have software. Again though even if it worked well the arc of coverage and narrow band coverage could end up not doing it all. And as LM said with the F-117 shootdown, even a simple turning maneuver can reduce the RCS by 100 times. There will be negative stealth events and while I think F-35 will rule as-is once big area SAMs and fighters are down (including like a legacy jet-contempt of engagement dropping JDAM et al from up on high... "I can touch you but you can't touch me" , vs battlefield SAMs, MANPADS, AAA, trashfire.... I think F-35 will be great. Going it alone over the Taiwan strait 10 or more years from now requires some serious faith vs. the over-hyped briefing sales slides of LM showing mastery of double-digit SAMS. , and well that combined with a lot of big SUs, will mean that it needs the F-22 for back up.... which... is what the F-35 was originally thought to work with as a team.
ALE-55 is so far ahead of ALE-50 as to be scary. And ALE-50 was very effective in Allied Force 1999 vs. legacy IADS. ALE-55 can allow you to operate with defensive jamming emissions off-board the airframe. Block II Super Hornet AN/ALQ-214 IDECM ( pre Block II Super Hornets have a jammer that originally failed its requirements under another project and was re-badged and fixed (kinda) and put in the jet to save program costs ) will have a broader band coverage than a stand alone AESA radar spoof/jammer mode. Super Hornet working with AN/ALQ-214 IDECM, ALE-55 and the on-board AESA combined with passive sensors and an aircrew that knows the risk limitations of the airframe means that it is more complete than the F-35 in defensive stuff vs electronic threats. Also there is noise out there of putting extra defensive stuff on F-35 somewhere down the line... Block V etc? Good idea.
A naked stealth event without proper defensive freq coverage vs. the threat will mean downed aircraft and crew.
SHAPE recon pod is pretty neat and impressive and well, to be fair, in a no-stealth_is_needed mission, there is probably a way to hang this on the F-35 someday or something similar.
Buddy refueling. Some tell me that 1/3 of Super Hornet missions are tanker missions. But still a useful concept.
Two-crew attack is still very useful. The U.S.N. for example is wed to it. Originally early in the Super sales effort to Congress, most would be single seat E's. That changed where around half of them are two seat attack aircraft. Block II F brings that game up even further.
The Super Hornet is easy to fly and very hard to put out of control due to low speed bad events. Way better than some of the legacy Hornet depart controlled flight issues. All Hornets can take a severe bashing with multiple surfaces gone and still return home. Mid-airs have shown this. The Super flies and lands well with one engine off. And well the Hornet community has had to put one engine off or at idle more than a few times... over water. It will also take more of a beating on rough forward airfields because of harder landing gear ( picture a dainty landing gear F-16 being carried away by a Chinook in Afghanistan ) . It's over-all design makes for less chances of flying mishaps. Buy X number of Supers and equal number of any single engine jet and at the end of 20 years you will have more Supers in your inventory. So the operating cost of having single engine jets in the inventory kind of goes out the window after you dump one of them because an engine failed. Like the beginning of the F-16, the F-35 is introducing a new engine technology. We hope this engine will have the great record of similar tech F-22 engines that don't have to be pulled much.
Of course we know that the Block II Super 2 seat airframe is friendly to have made to escort jammer specs to have in the family. Granted as delivered to the fleet it is yesterday's jammer vs stiff IADS, but with what looks to be the B-52SOJ program revived, which will use Growler backseat controls and bringing in advanced jammer gear from the canceled advanced jammer program the upgrades to Growler some years from now will be useful. We all already know that you need broad-band off-board jamming to support stealth aircraft going against big IADS. Of course once big IADS are down, even first gen Growler tech is useful for beating down a lot of stuff and gathering a lot of emissions intel. The Super Hornet has a lot of warts in it's design, but... there you go. It has a lot of knowns.
But yeah it will be hard for the Dutch to get around the LM/Home industry strangle-hold. Too bad Eurofighter did another Cartman and went home. |
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Obamanite
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Posted: Jul 06, 2008 - 04:42 AM
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Lastly, Conan, what Obamanite was trying to say (albeit unnecessarily rude) was that the F/A-18E has already been evaluated, while a formal evaluation of the other airframes is still pending. They may well be excluded for the same reason.
Wow, there is intelligent life in the universe after all, and by that I don't mean intelligent design  |
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Obamanite
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Posted: Jul 06, 2008 - 05:08 AM
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Stating a Super wouldn't fit in a NATO HAS seems crazy as someone pointed out.
The Dutch made this claim. I can't, for the life of me, imagine why they would lie, or somehow get the measurements wrong.
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Then too, since the Super has two engines and good one engine performance, this means you won't lawn dart one into the ground because the engine quits. The avionics for the two crew attack F Block II is pretty great.
Engine Guy noted that the USAF hasn't lost a single F100-PW-229-powered F-16 due to engine failure in 14 years of service.
Ref: http://www.pw.utc.com/StaticFiles/Pratt ... -04-08.pdf
Engine reliability, as has been seen with the Raptor's F119, has advanced almost as much as radar reliability as seen with the AESA. Lingering maintenance issues with the Raptor are mostly RAM-related stuff.
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Obaminator needs to understand that the F-35 has a lot of test hours to go before it proves itself. Lots of software, weapons clearance etc. Try before you buy. It may all work. But it is a very long way from proving it.
Obaminator... I like that!
Yes, the F-35 has to prove itself. But I don't think it's going to be an A-12 type situation. Its pedigree - P-38, F-104, SR-71, F-16, F-117 and F-22 - is pretty effing impressive, so I don't foresee major problems, other than the electrical unit guys pretty much screwing up the aircraft's electrical system, which has apparently been solved.
As for your chart, let's see:
Stealth: to give that one seemingly equal weight along with the other items listed is like making one of these chart thingies comparing the F-86 and the P-51 and putting a little check mark on the F-86 column for "jet engine". Again, the F-35 is to the F/A-18E/F and other 4 Gen aircraft what the F-86 was to any piston-powered fighter. Yes, by virtue of stealth "alone" (you know, not a big deal at all, according to some).
Two aircrew advantage: Battleships had a huge crew. I'd take a Ticonderoga or Arleigh Burke class with fewer sailors instead any day...
Range: See below.
On-board jammer / towed decoy: Hmm, that's like saying, but look at the Iowa's 16-inch guns! To which I say, look at my TLAMs and VLS!
Cost benefit: That's hugely subjective, and if LM is true to its fixed-price promise, that x should most deffinitely go under the F-35 column.
Tanker option: Well, yes, when your airplane has much shorter legs than the aircraft it's replacing (A-6, F-14) you better have a buddy bring along some extra gas. Yes, the SH has some very impressive electronics, but their aeroshell pretty much sucks (inferior to any comparable so-called 4.5 Gen aircraft). I would have much rather seen all those fancy gizmos inserted into an F-14D airframe that would have had far, far better range, speed and load performance.
Escort jammer option: Yes, when you have LO "treatments" as opposed to VLO, you better bring a buddy along packing all sorts of jammers to save your a$$. BTW, the USAF is cooking up an EW F-35 as the penetrator half to the SOJ B-52, which has been, thankfully, resurected.
SHARP recon pod: How much would you like to wager that such a pod will be available to the F-35 in the guise of its already-developed gun pod but packed with ELINT and camera gear instead of a gun and bullets. |
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Obamanite
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Posted: Jul 06, 2008 - 05:10 AM
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LowObservable wrote:
Right on, Joe. The relationship among the Euro F-16 air forces, the USAF and Lockheed Martin has been a close and constructive one. They even got the MLU for virtually nothing - the US picked up most of the cost on the grounds that they were going to upgrade Guard and Reserve A/Bs, which they didn't. But there are two problems. One is the assumption that the F-35 relationship will be the same, and the other is a knee-jerk reaction: They don't want to look at alterrnatives, rather than asking how their experience could be used to develop a relationship with another partner.
You wouldn't happen to work for EADS, would you, perhaps in their public relations dept.? |
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Conan
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Posted: Jul 06, 2008 - 06:09 AM
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Obamanite wrote:
Quote:
Lastly, Conan, what Obamanite was trying to say (albeit unnecessarily rude) was that the F/A-18E has already been evaluated, while a formal evaluation of the other airframes is still pending. They may well be excluded for the same reason.
Wow, there is intelligent life in the universe after all, and by that I don't mean intelligent design
I understood what he meant perfectly guys. Except that bit about writing for those who cannot comprehend the written word...
I simply don't believe the Dutch COULD have evaluated the Block II+ Super in 2001/2. As even Eric admits, IDECM for a start, wasn't available then. IRST wasn't even on the drawing board and neither were EDE engines nor the planned "Block III" variant, Boeing has openly discussed.
APG-79 was still in development as was ATFLIR. JHMCS hadn't been integrated onto the aircraft, nor was AIM-9X. Growler was in development (as it still is I suppose) the F model "decoupled cockpit" design was not inherent in the aircraft of that time, the ALE-55 towed decoy wasn't included. The list goes on and on.
I don't know or even care whether the Dutch are serious about evaluating other aircraft, but if the Gripen NG with a hybrid "one of a kind" Thales AESA array, tacked onto the backend of an existing radar system and which isn't even representative of the final radar system (because it's only being used for testing) offers better sensor performance than the APG-79 radar system, I'll eat my my hat.
A Super Hornet circa 2001/2, bares little resemblance to a Super Hornet circa 2008 in relation to operational capability in my humble opinion. I strongly suspect that the Dutch Ministers comments relate to an evaluation on a Block I Super Hornet.
That is the last I'll say on the matter. |
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That_Engine_Guy
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Posted: Jul 06, 2008 - 07:15 AM
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AeroG33k wrote:
All valid points, LO. While the F135 will undoubtely be more complex, it is likely to be very, very easy to maintain at low through-life cost (can engine guy confirm this?).
Some reading on F135 tech here in a previous post of mine:
http://www.f-16.net/index.php?name=PNph ... nspections
Another from "Code One" - F/A-22 Engine Production - Pratt & Whitney Fires Up F119 Line By Eric Hehs
Way back in 2003 - http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives ... index.html
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“Ten years from now, our improvement programs for the engine should result in increased thrust and increased core life,” notes Gambill. “Technologies, such as turbine durability upgrades developed for the F135, could double the maintenance intervals for the hot sections of the F119. The resulting maintenance interval of ten to fifteen or more years is unheard of for turbine engines.”
“The F119’s durability, performance, and reputation on the F/A-22 program make it attractive for other programs,” concludes Stone. “We like to say that this engine is too good for just one application.”
So from this one could say the F135 ALREADY has maintenance intervals of 10-15 years? (Depot overhauls)
From Pratt-Whitney.com
http://www.pw.utc.com/vgn-ext-templatin ... 81000aRCRD
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The F135 is an evolution of the F119-PW-100, a technologically advanced turbofan that powers the Air Force's F-22 Raptor. It integrates the proven F119 core, a high-performance six-stage compressor and single-stage turbine unit with a new low-pressure spool. In addition, the propulsion system features advanced prognostic and on-condition management systems that provide maintenance awareness, autonomic logistic support, and automatic field data and test systems.
Propulsion system support and maintainability are further enhanced by the F135's maintenance-focused design. It has approximately 40 percent fewer parts, which also improves reliability. All line-replaceable components (LRCs) can be removed and replaced with a set of six common hand tools. And, the F135 has a 50 percent lower infrastructure support requirement compared to current engines.
Now GE has this to say about the F414...
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The F414-GE-400 builds upon the excellent reliability, operability and readiness of the F404 engine. The F414 delivers 35% more thrust than the original F404, significantly improving the Boeing F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet's range, payload and survivability. Advanced technology features such as a Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) improve operational characteristics of the engine while the latest materials and cooling techniques allow for higher temperatures and pressures without sacrificing component life.
Also...
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F414: With 350,000 flight hours, the F414 engine continues to exceed reliability goals with the United States Navy. The F414 powered F/A-18E/F Super Hornet has expanded its presence in the U.S. Navy fleet, with 10 active squadrons available for carrier deployment. In June 2002, the Navy awarded GE a multiyear procurement (MYP) contract for 470 F414-GE-400 engines, bringing orders to a total of over 800 units. To date, more than 500 F414 engines have been delivered in support of the Navy's plan to purchase engines and spares for 559 twin-engine F/A-18E/F and EA-18G aircraft.
GE has continued testing growth versions of the F414, including an advanced core which can provide either a 15% increase in thrust or extended component life at current thrust levels. This configuration uses a six-stage, three-dimensional aerodynamic (3-D aero) high-pressure compressor and an advanced high-pressure turbine. The new compressor increases airflow and efficiency while the advanced turbine has higher temperature capability and improved efficiency.
GE has also completed extensive rig testing of the new high-pressure compressor and a new two- stage advanced fan. Later this year, GE will test this new fan with the advanced core to provide up to 20% more thrust than the current F414. These tests support a growth roadmap that gives customers the option of either increased performance or extended component lives at today's thrust.
The F414 is a "legacy engine" with newer technologies and improvements from the F404. The F414 is an outstanding engine, and has obvious growth capabilities in the future and will benifet from the F136 program as it progresses. (If it continues to progress) Even with all this, I've never seen claims from GE touting the F414's 50% lower infrastructure, 40% fewer parts, or eliminating scheduled engine inspections based on on-condition health assessments.
IMO Two F414s may not cost as much as a single F135 during procurement, but the life cycle costs of the F414s may be 3 or 4 times HIGHER than the F135.
My for what it's worth...
One final thought on this thread - "The customer is always right" - If the Dutch Government/Military don't want to look at the Super Hornet or a Super Viper, so be it. If they change their mind I'm certain Boeing or Lockheed will be waiting with a smile.
Keep 'em flyin'
TEG |
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elp
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Posted: Jul 06, 2008 - 09:38 AM
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F-16.net Editor

Joined: Sep 23, 2003
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One last thing on engines. It isn't always the engine, but as some periods in the USAF have shown... PowerPoint warriors trying to shave a few dollars off of a program that already works and then well.... a year later engines start going bad risking man and machine. Consider that the USAF is low on money, we may see this happen again. But then, that isn't the Dutch. Well see...
Good point about the customer always being right. Then too I doubt the Dutch effort will be a fair playing field. Thing is if you don't have a competition, you don't have a #2 winner to fall back on if the #1 winner falters.
The big challenge now for the F-35 program is making sure there aren't any quiters and Norway, Canada, Denmark and the Netherlands sign up. That and getting the USAF funding back up to program plans by the time of 2013-14. Do that and well the price can be managed enough to keep everyone happy. |
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LowObservable
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Posted: Jul 06, 2008 - 02:37 PM
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You wouldn't happen to work for EADS, would you, perhaps in their public relations dept.?
You wouldn't happen to be more closely related to a monkey than most of us? |
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LowObservable
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Posted: Jul 06, 2008 - 02:40 PM
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TEG,
We'll have to see about engines. Right now the F135 is in a not-very-happy development program and the F414 is racking up hours in a tough environment. And although it's a different category of machine, the CFM56 is also a "legacy engine" and nobody's rendered it obsolete yet. |
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That_Engine_Guy
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Posted: Jul 06, 2008 - 08:34 PM
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dwightlooi
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Posted: Jul 07, 2008 - 01:40 AM
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That_Engine_Guy wrote:
IMO Two F414s may not cost as much as a single F135 during procurement, but the life cycle costs of the F414s may be 3 or 4 times HIGHER than the F135.
My  for what it's worth...
I am not so sure about that. ONE F135 has less parts than ONE F414, and heck of a lot less parts than TWO F414s. While it is most likely more expensive than an F414 due to its technological content, it is highly unlikely that it is more expensive than two F414s. Titanium, tungsten and steel doesn't cost a lot of money, what costs a lot of money is complexity which translates into cost of manufacturing. All else being equal, one engine has halve as many parts as two engines. In the case of the F135 it has about 60~70% the number of parts as an F414. This means that the F-35's engine parts count is effectively about 30~35% that of the F-18E's.
One big engine is cheaper than two smaller ones of the same total thrust this is one of the big pluses of single engine design. Other advantages include the fact that one big engine is also lighter and occupy less internal volume than two smaller ones of equal total thrust. On top of that, one big engine is also more fuel efficient than two small ones because the airflow through bigger cores are more efficient than through smaller ones, plus the big engine has less internal frictional losses than two smaller ones. Of course, having one powerplant and significantly less parts also means that maintenance is faster and cost less.
Finally, one can also make a case for one engine being more reliable than two engines. With the same failure rate per engine, two engines = twice as many failure per unit service time. While having two engines gives the aircraft limp home power with some failure modes, others will render the aircraft inoperable even if it originated from only one of two engines -- a runaway fire, blade out damaging the adjacent engine or fuel tanks, etc. Basically, any kind of engine failure that renders a singe engined aircraft unglidable also renders the two engine safety net moot. A larger engine is more resistant to certain events like bird ingestion. The viewpoint that one is as good or better than two is substantiated by in service statistics which indicate that in general single engine fighter models do not have higher attrition rates over time than dual engine types.
IMHO, a fighter should use two engines if and only if the required thrust level is not available with a single engine. For instance, if you require an 80,000 lbs thrust class propulsion system and developing an engine that powerful is unachievable due to whatever reasons, then you will have to use two 40,000 lbs class powerplants. Otherwise, using one engine gets you a lighter, smaller, faster, cheaper, more reliable and easier to maintain fighter. |
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That_Engine_Guy
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Posted: Jul 07, 2008 - 03:38 AM
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dwightlooi wrote:
That_Engine_Guy wrote:
IMO Two F414s may not cost as much as a single F135 during procurement, but the life cycle costs of the F414s may be 3 or 4 times HIGHER than the F135.
I am not so sure about that. ONE F135 has less parts than ONE F414, and heck of a lot less parts than TWO F414s. While it is most likely more expensive than an F414 due to its technological content, it is highly unlikely that it is more expensive than two F414s. Titanium, tungsten and steel doesn't cost a lot of money, what costs a lot of money is complexity which translates into cost of manufacturing.
F414-GE-400
Unitary Cost: USD $4.0 million
F135
Unitary Cost: USD $7.2 Million (Unit recurring flyaway costs
$17.6B based on 2,443 installed engines and spares)
REF: http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/Joi ... 032207.pdf
F119-PW-100
Unitary Cost: USD $9.5 million (Lot 6 Production)
The ONLY way the F135 will stay below $8 million is if there are in fact 2,443 engines produced. It is very likely procurement cuts will make each F135 well above the $8 million mark. (2X the F414 per engine cost)
Other than that dwight, I think we're in agreement on how two motors are WAY more expensive than one.
Don't get me wrong, I enjoy job security, but if nobody can afford to buy fighters I'll be looking for a job.
Keep 'em flyin'
TEG |
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LowObservable
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Posted: Jul 07, 2008 - 04:06 PM
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Thanks, TEG. Facts trump opinions. And (as everyone who's tried to compete with the CFM56 has found) nobody builds a jet engine as cheap (and as well) as the GE, with its massed phalanxes of Six Sigma stormtroopers.
Is there a public source for F135 weight, by the way? I don't see it anywhere, but I believe that there is a tendency for T/W to decline as engines get bigger. |
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That_Engine_Guy
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Posted: Jul 08, 2008 - 01:17 AM
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I believe the true weights of the F119 and F135 have not been released to date. (At least no sources I would rely on.)
If the F119's weight is quoted as "similar to the F100" and so the F135's should be "slightly above - similar to the F100" (Not counting the PW-600 model)
Don't forget the F135 is making about 5K more thrust than the F119, so IMO even a moderate weight gain will be negated or exceeded by the extra thrust. With the F135's larger fan and by-pass ratio, it's augmentor will make thrust more efficiently due to the higher flow and richer oxygen content of the by-pass air.
For comparison sake; the F100-PW-229 weighs in at 3740lbs, and makes 29,160lbs of thrust, for a T/W ratio of 7.8/1 (According to PW)
Figure "similar to" weight of the F119 at 4000lbs (~250 more than the F100) and makes 35,000lbs (or more ) thrust for a estimated T/W ratio of 8.8/1
Figure "slightly more than similar" weight of the F135 at 4250lbs (~500 more than the F100) and makes 40,000lbs (or more ) thrust for an estimated T/W ratio of 9.4/1
Even weighing in at 4700lbs the F135 would have an 8.4/1 ratio which is still greater than any Viper motor. (The F110-GE-132 of the E/F Viper has an 8/1 ratio)
Now these are nothing more than guesses, but the F135's weight is being heavily monitored by PW and LM to ensure specification and targets goals for the program are achieved.
Keep 'em flyin'
TEG |
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